Vitrification of wastes: from unwanted to controlled crystallization, a review

In this review, we provide a perspective on the science and technology of vitrification waste. First, background general classes wastes for which is currently used immobilization or proposed, including nuclear industrial hazardous wastes. Next, summarize issues surrounding solubility waste ions resulting uncontrolled crystallization phase separation. Some newer form designs propose controlled crystallization, in glass-ceramic. A summary glass systems glass-ceramic given, with focus immobilizing components at high loading. Throughout, design processing considerations are difference between undesirable desirable offered.